The same 12 auditors are timed completing a checklist on two software versions. The design is:

Answer

Paired: each auditor is measured twice

Options - A. Paired: each auditor is measured twice - B. Independent: two separate samples of 12 - C. Neither: a single sample of 24 timings - D. Pooled, because the two sizes are equal Why - A. Correct — each auditor supplies one difference (version A time minus version B time). - B. The two columns are linked auditor by auditor; they cannot be shuffled independently. - C. There are two measurements per auditor, which is what makes it paired. - D. Pooling is a variance assumption for INDEPENDENT samples, and equal n never creates pairs.

IBS1 §10.6 (classifying two-sample designs), CC BY 4.0; BCc ch 5; H-W9 (twins, matched pairs, same unit twice) — shape only; original scenarios