Classes, objects, new & constructors

Classes are blueprints; objects are instances

A class defines the shape — fields and methods. An object is a concrete instance of that blueprint, created with new:

public class Dog {
    String name;
    int age;

    Dog(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age  = age;
    }

    void bark() { System.out.println(name + " says woof"); }
}

Dog rex = new Dog("Rex", 3);
rex.bark();  // Rex says woof

A constructor has the same name as the class and no return type (not even void). Its job is to initialise the new object's state.

The implicit no-arg constructor: if you write *no* constructors at all, Java silently provides a public no-arg constructor. The moment you write *any* constructor, that implicit one disappears — and any code that called new Dog() now fails to compile. This is the most common "mysterious compile error" for beginners.